OOP

# 0. Class Definition
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def introduce(self):
        return f"Hi, I'm {self.name} and I'm {self.age} years old"
    
    def have_birthday(self):
        self.age += 1

# Create objects
person1 = Person("Alice", 25)
person2 = Person("Bob", 30)

print(person1.introduce())
person1.have_birthday()
print(f"After birthday: {person1.age}")

# 1. Class and Object
class Animal:
  def __init__(self, name):
    self.name = name  # Attribute

  def speak(self):      # Method
    return f"{self.name} makes a sound."

# Create an object
dog = Animal("Dog")
print(dog.speak())

# 2. Inheritance
class Dog(Animal):
  def speak(self): # Override the method
    return f"{self.name} barks."

my_dog = Dog("Buddy")
print(my_dog.speak())

# 3. Encapsulation
class BankAccount:
  def __init__(self, balance):
    self.__balance = balance  # Private attribute

  def deposit(self, amount):
    self.__balance += amount

  def get_balance(self):
    return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(100)
account.deposit(50)
print(account.get_balance())

# 4. Polymorphism
class Cat(Animal):
  def speak(self):
    return f"{self.name} meows."

animals = [Dog("Rex"), Cat("Whiskers")]
for animal in animals:
  print(animal.speak())

# 5. Abstraction

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Vehicle(ABC):
  @abstractmethod
  def drive(self):
    pass

class Car(Vehicle):
  def drive(self):
    return "Car is driving"

car = Car()
print(car.drive())

# 6. Class vs Instance Attributes
class Counter:
  count = 0  # Class attribute

  def __init__(self):
    Counter.count += 1

print(Counter.count)
c1 = Counter()
c2 = Counter()
print(Counter.count)

# 7. Static and Class Methods
class MathUtils:
  var = "MathUtils"

  @staticmethod
  def add(a, b):
    return a + b

  @classmethod
  def description(cls):
    return f"This is a math utility class: {cls.var}"

print(MathUtils.add(2, 3))
print(MathUtils.description())